Index
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Z |
| C cables: armoured, 629-30
HV, 632
LV, 629-30 three-core, 623-33 communication, 165
copper, 424, 631, 638-40 derating factors, 623 energy conservation, 627 EHV XLPE cables, 627 both end bonding, 627
circulating current, 627 cross bonding system,628 electrostatic discharge(ESD), 628 limit for the touch voltage, 627 non-linear resistor, 628 parasitic currents, 627 phase transposition, 627 screen voltage limiters (SVLs), 628
single point bonding, 628 surge protection devices (SPD), 628 transmission of large powers, 627 underground transmission, 627 HV, 632
insulation, 619-41 comparison, 620-21
LV 629-30
cage induction motors see squirrel cage induction motors
motors, 353 multicore skin effects, 625-26 optical fibre, 840 paper insulated, 633-34 proximity effects, 625-26 rating factors, 623-25 selection, 619-41 service conditions, 623 short-time rating, 626-27 skin effects, 625-26 standards, 641 technical details, 619 temperatures, 623 termination, 627 three-core armoured, 632-33 transmission of large powers, 627 trenches, 444-45 underground transmission, 627 voltage drop, 623-25 XLPE three-core, 622 calculation energy saving, 38
capacitive currents, 659-60
capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), 538-40 capacitors, 823-980 ampere meter method, 959-60
application, 827 automatic control panels, 868 banks, 962 HV systems, 884 manufacture, 942-44 behaviour, 825-79 charging currents, 851-55 charts, 862 component rating/selection, 944-48 control panels, 868 current unbalance, 958-59 dielectrics, 937 direct switching induction motors, 861 discharge devices, 948-50 double star arrangement, 850 element manufacture, 935-36 excessive charging currents, 851-55 field operating conditions, 967 formulae, 878-79, 952 frequency variation, 960 grounded star units, 829 harmonic effects, 832-40 HV maintenance, 963-64
induction motors, 861-63
HV systems, 884 inductive interference, 832-40 inrush current limitation, 855-60 installation, 963-64 insulation levels, 966 internally protected units, 939-40 location, 863-65 low PF effect, 827-28 LV maintenance, 963-64 maintenance, 953-69 manufacture, 933-52 metallized polypropylene, 935 mixed dielectric, 936-37
operation, 828-40 panel design parameters, 860-61 parallel switching, 831, 853-55 partial discharge tests, 967 PCB-filled, 964 performance, 833-34 PF improvement, 862 power factor improvement, 825-79 precautions, 964 protection, 953-69 rating, 860-63, 944-48 regulation improvement,883 restrike voltage, 830 routine tests, 964-65 safety, 955-63 selection, 944-46 capacitors, 833 components, 944 self-healing type, 935, 940 series reactor compensation, 848-49 single-capacitors switching, 851-83 single-phase motors, 24 special purpose capacitors, 938 standards, 877, 951, 968 star banks, 942-43 starting motors, 28-30 surges, 829-32 switching, 825-79, 867, 869-70 auctioneering, 869
binary sequences, 869-70 first in first out, 869 first in last out, 869 inrush, 851-55 over-voltages, 829-32 ssequences, 869 system voltage regulation improvement, 883
captive power generation, 577-615
test requirements, 964-68 testing, 953-69 thermal stability, 965-66 type tests, 964-68 ungrounded units, 830-31 unit manufacture, 941 unit standards, 951-52 voltage regulation improvement, 883 voltage unbalance, 957-58 voltage variation, 960, see also power capacitors series capacitors, 883-890 diesel generators, 579-81
card motors, 187
driving torque, 595-96, 599 field systems, 583-84 load sharing, 606-10 load types, 585-87 operating parameters, 581-84 operation procedures, 601-07 operation theory, 584-85 parallel operation, 594-601 programmable logic controllers (PLCs), 389-92, 608-09 standards, 615 synchronizing schemes, 608, see also generators, DG sets, carrier equipment, 838 cascade failure, 940 cast iron grid resistance,100 CBCT see core-balanced current transformers CDA- see copper CEMEP - see energy conservation central processing units (CPU), 391 certification: hazardous locations, 308-11
certifying authorities, 203
motors, 308-11 channel busbar properties, 1064 charging currents, capacitors, 851-55 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 479 chemical resistance starting, 92 chemical vapour classification, 199 chokes see reactors circle diagrams, 18-20, 213 circuit breakers, 356 air blast, 732-33
air type, 728-30 bulk oil comparison, 748-53 ground leakage, 775-78 minimum oil, 727-28 operating conditions, 726 sulphur hexaflouride gas (SF6), 733-40 two-pole, 777 vacuum, 740-45, see also breakers; circuit interrupters; motor protection circuit breakers
current transformers, 548
circuit interrupters, 721-58
motors, 18 voltage transformers, 533 arc assistance techniques,737
arc extinction, 735-36, 738 comparisons, 749-53 comparison of energy requirements, 737 current chopping, 746-47 different mediums, 723-45 double volume, 737 gas insulated swithgears (GIS), 748 floor dimensions, 756
retrofitting old installations, 757 GIS based substations, 748
HV vacuum contactors (HVCs), 743 intelligent switchgears, 755 LV vacuum contactors (LVCs), 745 mediums, 723-45 |
microprocessor based releases, 731
classification: puffer technique, 735-36 serial port communication, 731 soft break interrupters, 737 standards, 758 substation remotely contolled, 731 switch closures, 723 switching mediums, 723-25 telemetry software, 731 theory, 723-25 thermal blast and arc assisted technique, 737,
circuits see power circuits
circuit breakers circulation theory, 841-42 circulating current scheme, 553, see protection chemical vapour, 199
clean grounds, 164
gases, 199 hazardous locations,198 HV systems, 836 surge arresters, 683-84 UHV system, xxvi volatile liquid, 199 voltage systems, xxv-xxvi cleaning bearings, 272 cleaning prior to painting, 463-68 clearances and creepages, 500, 1006 closing coil, 437 CMR see continuous duty motors coatings, 463-67, 471 COD see chemical oxygen demand colliery motors, 202 compact switchgear assemblies, 389 commissioning motor checks, 270 commissioning switchgear assemblies, see switchgears, communication service disturbances, 836-40 commutation, 132-34 communication protocols, 924-27
communication and serial data transmission, 922-24
protocol models, 924 services, 839 communication services disturbances, 834-39 conduction and commutation, 142 compact switchgear components, 390 components: switchgears for electric motors, 352-60
condensers, generators, 581-82
switchgears for motors, 352-60 ratings, 357 selection for components, 353-56 short-time rating guidelines, 419 vacuum contactors LV and HV, 357-8, 743-5 conductivity,1054 conductors: electrical properties, 1051, 1054
connectors see joints
isolated phase bus systems, 1084-85 mechanical properties, 1051 metals for grounding conductors, 803-05 minimum size, 999-1000 mounting precautions, 1041 physical properties, 1051 properties, 1049, 1051-52 proximity effects, 1007-08, 1013-14 ratings, 1049-65 sections, 1015-16, 1084-85 silver plating, 992-93 size determination, 1084-85 skin effects, 1008-13, 1078-79 space factors, 1003, aluminium and copper; conductors
connections:
current transformers, 563 multispeed motors, 114 reactors, 979 constant filled fluid couplings, 225-26, see also fluid couplings constant torque speed control, 115-17 constants, grounding metals, 813 contact bouncing, 661, 666-67 contact resistance, soil, 812 contactors: air break, 356
continuous current capacity, 1094
duty cycles, 354 motor component selection, 353-54 vacuum LV and HV, 357-58, 743-45 continuous current ratings, 395, 416 continuous duty motors (CMR), 65 continuous enclosures see enclosures continuous operating voltage, maximum, 685 continuous rating, 1082 control: assembly type motor control centres, 381-93
motors, 113-125, 169-77 bipolar junction transistors, 127
constant d.c. voltage source, 157 controls using static technology energy conservation, 166-68
process plant operation, 173-77 PWM inverters 165 speed control, 113-42 current sources, 157
cyclo converters, 137 d.c. link smoothing, 156-57 Darlington transistors, 127 direct torque, 123-25 energy conservation, 31-38, 166-69 feedback devices, 125 frequency converters, 137 gate turn-off switches, 130 insulated gate bipolar transistors, 127-28 inverter units, 151, 153 MOSFETs, 127 rectifier unit configurations, 145-49 regenerative schemes, 145, 147 silicon rectifiers, 130-131 slip recovery systems, 171-73 slip-ring induction motors, 95-110 soft starting, 91-92, 169-71 soft stopping, 171 solid-state technology, 126-31 space heaters, 351 speed variation, 177 static controls, 111-84 static drives comparison, 177-81 thyristors, 130-34 torque, 123-25 panels, 389-93, 588-92, 864-68
control transformers, 540-43, 566-69
panels PLC based, 389 rectifier unit configurations, 145, 147 silicon rectifiers, 130-31 slip-ring induction motors, 95-110 solid-state technology, 126-31 static, 111-84 supply schemes, 434-38 switchgear assemblies control diagrams, 445-55 thyristors, 130-34 voltage transformer computation of VA rating, 467-69, see also motor control centres control type fluid couplings, 227-29 controlgear assemblies, 389-93, 588-92, 864-68 draw-out chassis motor control centres, 429-31
conversion formulae, 369-70
installation, 441-45 maintenance, 441-45 painting, 461-81 conversion of wind power, 137 conversion tables, 371-75 converter units, 145, 160-61 cooling: air temperature, 296-97
coordination of components, 332-5, 354
curves, 72 induction motors, 24-28 isolated phase bus systems, 987, 1069-75 systems, 24-28, 1081-82 water temperature, 16 copper: cable current rating, 424, 631, 638-40
core losses, 12-14, 18
Copper Development Association (CDA)-32 current ratings, 1051-53, 1055-58 current-carrying capacity, 1054-64 electrical properties, 1051, 1054 mechanical properties, 1051 physical properties, 1051 properties, 1051, 1054-56 standards, 1065 core-balanced current transformers (CBCT), 563, 783-84 design parameters, 783-84
coreless reactors, 973-75
ground leakage currents, 785 insulation, 784 mounting, 784-86 wiring methods, 784 corona discharge, 837-39 correction: power factors, 864-73
couplings:
relays, 870-73 V-belt factors, 241 carrier equipment, 838
comparison of drives, 177-80 constant filled fluid, 225-26 construction, 224-25 control type, 227-29 delayed action, 223-24 direct, 223 eddy current couplings, 233 environment-friendly, 224 flexible, 223 fluid couplings, 223-33 d.c. drive comparisons, 178-80
comparisons, 178-80 |
static drive comparison, 177-80
hydraulic, 223-33 line devices, 838 magnetic particle, 233 operation principles, 224-25 rigid, 223 speed control, 177 speed variation, 177 traction type, 225 variable speed fluid couplings, 177, 227-29 variable-filling, 177, 227-29 crane motors, 188 creepage distances, 500, 1006 critical installations, 204-06 CSI see current source inverters CT operated thermal relays, 327-31 Curie points, 348 curing paint, 472 current chopping, 745-47 current limiting reactors, 976-79 current limiting MCCBs, 416-20 current measurement non-conventional methods
current polarization, 790
current sensors, 569
digital current integrator, 573 digital optical instrument transformers, 573 digital RC, 573 Faraday effect optical sensors, 570 hall effect current sensors, 570 hall voltage, 570 hybrid sensors, 570 interferometric technology, 570 interferometry, 570 isolated measurement of current, 570 isolated current probes, 571 light polarization, 570 optical sensors, 570 radar interferometry, 573 resistive shunts, 569 Rogowski coil current transducers, 571 Rogowski principle, 572 sensors, 569-70 transducers, 570-71 zero flux current sensors, 571 current ratings: aluminium and copper cables, 629-40, 1051-54
current release ground protection, 778-80
aluminium and copper sections, 991, 996, 1055-64 isolated phase bus systems, 1071 PVC insulated cables, 424 single core cables, 424 switchgear assemblies, 381-400 current sensors, see current measurement current source inverters (CSI), 154-55 constant current source, 157
current toleration, human body, 775
current transformers, 544-66 CBCTs, see core balanced current transformers circuit diagrams, 548
current unbalance for, capacitor protection, 959
connection precautions, 544-66 core-balanced, 863, 783-86 current error, 548 design considerations, 545-49, 783-84 differential protection schemes, 553-61 digital optical instrument transformers, 573 error limits, 549 external fault conditions, 556 general specification, 545-49 ground fault protection schemes, 786 high impedance protection schemes, 553-57 indoor, 546-47 installation, 564 insulation, 544-45, 784 interposing, 550 limits of error, 549 measuring, 549-50 mounting, 784-86 non-conventional CTs, 569, see also current measurement outdoor types, 546 phasor diagrams CTs, 548
protection, 545, 551-58, 561, 786
VTs, 534 PS type, 553-63 ratio error, 548 relays, 557-58 routine tests, 568-69 special-purpose, 553-63 specifications, 544-49 stability, 556 summation, 550-51 system harmonics, 559 type tests, 567-68 VA burden, 547-48 zone faults, 557 current transients, 161 current zero, definition, 655 current-carrying capacity, 1054-64 see current ratings current ratings equipments and components current carrying conductors properties/ratings, 1049-65 CVTs, see capacitor voltage transformers cyclo converters,137 |
